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ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) resin is a graft copolymer of acrylonitrile and butadiene styrene. ABS resin is a light yellow viscous or granular resin with a melting temperature of 217буC~237буC and a thermal decomposition degree of 250буC. It is non-toxic, odorless, has low water absorption, and has excellent physical and mechanical properties, excellent wear resistance and dimensional stability.
In 1946, the American Rubber Company first produced ABS resin by mixing. In 1954, Marbon, a subsidiary of Borg-Warner Company in the United States, first produced ABS resin by emulsion grafting, which led to the rapid development of ABS resin production.
The production methods of ABS resin include graft copolymerization and mechanical mixing. Graft copolymerization is further divided into emulsion graft copolymerization and suspension graft copolymerization. The ABS resin produced can be processed into plastic by injection molding, extrusion, vacuum, blow molding and roller pressing. It can also be processed by mechanical, bonding, coating, vacuum evaporation and other methods to meet various needs.
ABS resin has excellent performance and is widely used in the fields of automobiles, household appliances, toy industry, etc. It is a thermoplastic engineering plastic with extremely wide applications. At the same time, ABS resin can be used as a raw material for 3D printing. Its printed products have the advantages of good toughness and high strength, but its disadvantages are also obvious. The shrinkage rate of printed products is large and they are easy to warp and deform.
ABS resin is a terpolymer composed of three monomers: acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene. To simplify the naming, the first letter of the English name of each monomer is taken, so it is called ABS resin.
In 1947, the American Rubber Company first used the blending method to realize the industrial production of ABS resin.
In 1948, the company announced the first ABS resin patent, which was also the earliest blended ABS resin. Its trade name was "Kralastic", which was mainly used as sheet material and pipe material.
In 1954, BorgWarner of the United States grafted acrylonitrile and styrene into polybutylene latex to produce grafted ABS resin, and realized industrial production. The trade name was "Cycolac". Its fluidity and low-temperature impact resistance were better than those of blended ABS resin, and it could be used for injection molding.
The 1970s was a period of great development in ABS resin production technology, and a variety of production processes were successfully developed. The main ones are blending, emulsion grafting polymerization, emulsion grafting SAN blending, continuous bulk polymerization, bulk-suspension polymerization, emulsion-bulk polymerization, etc.
China began to develop ABS resin in 1963. In 1970, the synthetic rubber plant of Lanzhou Chemical Industry Company built China's first emulsion grafting ABS resin production unit, and the capacity was 2,000 tons/year when it was officially put into production in 1975. In 1978, Shanghai Gaoqiao Petrochemical Company developed an ABS resin production unit with emulsion grafting and emulsion AS blending method and successfully started up. In 1986, the actual production capacity reached 2,000 tons/year. In the early 1980s, the production of ABS resin in China developed very slowly, with an output of only about 3kt/a, which was far from meeting the requirements of the rapidly developing Chinese market, and the products were almost entirely dependent on imports.
In 1982, the synthetic rubber plant of Lanzhou Petrochemical Company introduced the emulsion grafting-suspended SAN blending process of Mitsubishi Rayon Company of Japan and built a set of ABS resin production equipment with a production scale of 10kt/a.
In 1983, the chemical plant of Shanghai Gaoqiao Petrochemical Company introduced the emulsion grafting-emulsion SAN blending process of United States Steel Corporation (USS) and built a set of ABS resin production equipment with a production scale of 20kt/a (now discontinued).
At the end of 1986, the synthetic resin plant of Jilin Petrochemical Company introduced the continuous bulk production process of Japan's Toyo Engineering Company-Mitsui Toa Company (TEC-MTC) and built a set of ABS resin production equipment with a production scale of 10kt/a.
In 1993, Daqing Petrochemical General Plant introduced the emulsion grafting-bulk SAN blending process of South Korea's Hannan Chemical Company and built a set of ABS resin production equipment with a production scale of 50kt/a. The completion and commissioning of these introduced equipment have greatly promoted the development of ABS resin in China.
In ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) resin, A represents acrylonitrile, B represents butadiene, and S represents styrene. ABS resin is a typical three-component thermoplastic resin with a two-phase structure, consisting of styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, that is, SAN resin as a continuous phase, and a dispersed polybutadiene rubber phase. The structure diagram of ABS resin is as follows.
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) resin has excellent comprehensive performance, mainly due to its microscopic "sea-island" structure. The micron-level or nano-level rubber elastomer is evenly dispersed in the styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) matrix resin, making ABS resin excellent in comprehensive performance such as strength, toughness and solvent resistance. The ABS resin island structure diagram is as follows.
The content of each component of ABS resin is different, with acrylonitrile content of 10%~30%, butadiene content of 12%~30%, and styrene content of 50%~70%. The three components give them their own unique properties. Among them, the acrylonitrile component gives the resin chemical resistance, weather resistance, heat resistance, hardness and tensile strength; the butadiene component gives the resin toughness and low temperature resistance; the styrene component gives the resin excellent rigidity, electrical properties, processing properties and surface gloss. The three-phase diagram of ABS resin components is as follows.
ABS has an opaque ivory-colored pellet appearance. Its products can be colored in various colors and have a high gloss of 90%. ABS has good bonding with other materials and is easy to print, coat and plate. The oxygen index of ABS is 18.2. It is a flammable polymer. The flame is yellow, with black smoke. It burns but does not drip, and emits a special cinnamon smell.
ABS has excellent mechanical properties and excellent impact strength. It can be used at extremely low temperatures. Even if ABS products are damaged, it can only be tensile damage and not impact damage. ABS has excellent wear resistance, good dimensional stability, and oil resistance. It can be used for bearings under medium loads and speeds. However, the bending strength and compression strength of ABS are relatively poor among plastic, and the mechanical properties of ABS are greatly affected by temperature.
The heat deformation temperature of ABS is 93~118буC, and the product can be increased by about 10буC after annealing. ABS can still show a certain toughness at -40буC and can be used at -40~100буC.
ABS has good electrical insulation and is almost unaffected by temperature, humidity and frequency, so it can be used in most environments. The electrical performance data of ABS are as follows.
ABS has good chemical resistance. Except for concentrated oxidizing acids, it is relatively stable to various acids, alkalis and salts, and will not cause any changes in long-term contact with various foods, drugs and essential oils. Alcohols and hydrocarbons have no dissolving effect on ABS, and can only cause it to swell slowly during long-term contact. Polar solvents such as tyrosine, ketones, esters, and chlorinated hydrocarbons can dissolve it or form an emulsion with it. Glacial acetic acid and vegetable oils can cause stress cracking.
The butadiene part of the ABS molecular chain contains double bonds, and the ж╨ bond in the double bond is more active. It is easily oxidized and degraded under the action of ultraviolet rays (especially ultraviolet rays with a wavelength of less than 350nm) or heat, resulting in poor weather resistance. The macroscopic manifestation is that the material becomes brittle. After half a year of outdoor exposure, the impact strength of the ABS sample can drop by 50%. Adding carbon black, ultraviolet absorbers to ABS resin or spraying paint and electroplating on the surface of the product can improve weather resistance.
ABS is a thermoplastic with excellent processing performance and can be processed using general processing methods. The flow characteristics of ABS are non-Newtonian fluids; its melt viscosity is related to both processing temperature and shear rate, but is more sensitive to shear rate. ABS resin is an amorphous polymer and can be processed by injection molding and extrusion molding. In addition, ABS resin can also be rolled into sheets at 320~380буC and blow molded at 200~215буC.
The production methods of ABS resin include: blending method and copolymerization method. The copolymerization method is further divided into suspension graft copolymerization and emulsion graft copolymerization.
ABS resin is manufactured by blending method. The proportion of raw materials selected is: about 80% acrylonitrile-styrene resin, about 20% butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber, and 1% butyl stearate. Specific process: first heat the drum to 155~160буC, roll and plasticize the styrene-acrylonitrile resin according to the above ratio, then add nitrile rubber and mix evenly. Then add softener butyl stearate, and after repeated mixing, drawing, crushing, dyeing and granulation, ABS resin is obtained. The ABS resin manufactured by the blending method is of poor quality, easy to deteriorate and delaminate after long-term use, and more expensive nitrile rubber must be used, so this method is rarely used for large-scale production in the world.
There are also two types of graft copolymerization methods, namely suspension method and emulsion method.
Use polyvinyl alcohol as a dispersant for graft copolymerization. The raw material ratio selected is: about 48% styrene, 27% acrylonitrile, 25% butadiene, 0.5% azobisisobutyronitrile (initiator), and 0.4% polyvinyl alcohol (dispersant). Production process: Add styrene and acrylonitrile monomers dissolved with additives into the polymerization kettle through a filter and stir. Raise the temperature to 75буC, maintain the constant temperature for 3 hours, and then add butadiene. Continue to react at 75буC for 7 hours, then reduce the pressure in the reactor to 1.5kg/cm2, and raise the temperature to 100буC and mature for 3 hours. After the reaction is completed, cool the material and wash, dehydrate and dry the obtained copolymer to obtain ABS resin.
Use synthetic fatty acid soap as emulsifier for graft copolymerization. The raw material ratio of emulsion graft copolymerization is as follows: 20% styrene-butadiene rubber, about 55% styrene, 25% acrylonitrile, 0.4% sodium dodecyl sulfonate, 0.1% azobisisobutyronitrile (initiator), 1.5% synthetic fatty acid soap (emulsifier), and water. The production process is shown in the figure.
There are obvious differences in the structure of ABS obtained by blending and graft copolymerization. The ABS obtained by blending is basically a two-phase mixture of AS resin and nitrile rubber, which can be represented by the following structure.
The ABS obtained by graft copolymerization is a structure in which the molecular chain of AS resin is grafted with the molecular chain of butadiene resin, as shown below.
Since there are many methods for manufacturing ABS resin, the properties of the resulting resins are also different.
ABS resin has good molding processability and can be processed by general injection molding, extrusion, calendering, blow molding and other methods. It can also be processed by hot molding, cold molding spraying, electroplating, welding, hot pressing, bonding and other methods for secondary processing.
The wall thickness of ABS resin products is usually between 1.5 and 4.5 mm. The ratio of the maximum flow length of the resin to the wall thickness of the product is about 190:1. For products that need to be electroplated, the wall thickness is required to be slightly thicker to increase the adhesion between the coating and the surface of the product. Avoid sharp corners in the product to prevent stress concentration, and use arc transitions at corners, thick and thin joints and other parts. When designing the mold, the demoulding slope of the core part along the demoulding direction is 35'~1бу, and the cavity part is 40'~1бу20'.
The injection pressure of ABS resin is related to factors such as resin grade, equipment type and product wall thickness. Generally, thin-walled, long-flow, small-gate products or flame-retardant and heat-resistant resins require higher injection pressures, which can reach 130~150MPa; while thick-walled, large-gate products only require 70~100MPa.
Injection speed has a certain influence on the melt fluidity of ABS resin. If the injection speed is slow, the product surface will show ripples and poor welding; if the injection speed is fast and the mold is filled quickly, it is easy to have poor exhaust, poor surface cleanliness, and decreased tensile strength. The injection molding process parameters of different grades of ABS resin are as follows.
Extrusion molding can be used to produce ABS resin pipes, rods, plates and other profiles for secondary processing to make parts.
The ABS resin used for extrusion plates is preferably 1~3g/10min in melt index. Before feeding, the raw materials must be fully dried to a moisture content of less than 0.1%. Raw materials that have been dried and placed in the air for several hours must be dried again before use.
ABS resin with a melt index of 0.5~3.0g/10min can be blow molded into non-container-type large parts. Before molding, ABS resin must be dried to make the water content of the resin less than 400mg/kg and ensure that the parison does not bubble. The compression ratio of the extrusion screw is 2.0~2.5, and the molding pressure is 490~98OkPa. The molding temperature is 210~230буC and the mold temperature is 60~80буC. A higher mold temperature can be used to obtain a product with good appearance. However, it should not be higher than 90буC to prevent the product from deforming. The molding cycle is 2.5~4min.
ABS resin can be subjected to secondary processing such as electroplating, vacuum forming, cold stamping, welding, and mechanical processing. The butadiene content in electroplating grade ABS resin is 18%~23%, which makes it have strong adhesion to the coating. The electroplating process mainly includes stress relief, oil removal, roughening, neutralization, reduction or pickling, sensitization, activation, reduction or degumming, chemical plating and electroplating.
As the application scope of ABS resin continues to expand, the performance requirements for it are getting higher and higher, so many modification methods have emerged. Since ABS resin molecules contain phenyl, cyano and carbon-carbon unsaturated double bonds, they have good compatibility with many polymers, creating very favorable conditions for blending modification. Through blending modification, the impact strength, chemical resistance and heat resistance of ABS resin can be further improved, its flame retardancy and antistatic properties can be improved, or the cost can be reduced.
There are two main purposes of PVC modification, one is to reduce costs, and the other is to achieve ABS flame retardancy. The flame retardancy of ABS is relatively poor, so improving the flame retardancy of ABS has important application value. Practice has proved that ABS/PVC blends not only have good flame retardancy, but also have better impact strength, tensile strength, bending performance, articulation performance, tear resistance and chemical corrosion resistance than ABS. Its comprehensive performance and cost performance are incomparable to other resins.
In the blending system, PVC has good compatibility with the plastic phase (acrylonitrile-styrene) copolymer (SAN) in ABS, forming a continuous phase. However, it has poor compatibility with the rubber phase (PB), so the rubber particles in ABS constitute the dispersed phase, so the ABS/PVC blend belongs to a "semi-compatible" system.
PC, which is widely used at present, refers to an aromatic polymer containing benzene rings and carbonate groups on the main chain. It is a non-crystalline engineering plastic with high heat resistance and impact performance. Blending ABS and PC can obtain a plastic alloy that has the advantages of both and overcomes their respective defects. It has good mechanical properties, rigidity and processing fluidity, high heat resistance and dimensional stability, and is an alloy material with excellent high and low temperature impact performance.
The heat deformation temperature, Young's modulus, hardness, elongation and tensile strength of ABS/PC blends are between PC and ABS, which basically conforms to the linear addition law. Increase ABS molecular weight or acrylonitrile content. Reducing the rubber content helps to improve the heat resistance of the blend; adding compounds such as benzothiazole can also improve heat resistance and thermal stability. The bending strength of ABS blends with low rubber content has a synergistic enhancement effect, and the hardness and tensile properties are also improved.
TPU is thermoplastic polyurethane, which is a multi-block copolymer. The hard segment is generated by the reaction of diisocyanate and chain extender, which can provide effective cross-linking function: the soft segment is generated by the reaction of diisocyanate and polyethylene glycol, which provides stretchability and low-temperature flexibility. Therefore, TPU has the ideal properties of vulcanized rubber. ABS and TPU are very compatible, and their blends have a dual continuous phase. For ABS, a small amount of TPU as a toughening component can improve the wear resistance, impact resistance, processing and low-temperature toughness of ABS. The toughening effect of TPU on low-polymerization-degree, low-impact ABS resin is particularly obvious. 6 With the increase of TPU content, the melt index of the blend increases significantly. By controlling the appropriate blending ratio, an ABS/TPU blend with good fluidity can be obtained, and it can be used to manufacture large-scale thin-walled products with complex shapes and automotive parts, pulleys, low-load gears and washers, etc.
The blend of ABS resin and hydrophilic polymer or hydrophilic polymer masterbatch, the hydrophilic polymer is dispersed in layers and enriched in the surface layer of the blend product, which is an important condition for achieving permanent antistatic properties. It not only has permanent good antistatic properties, but also is easy to color. It is suitable for making integrated circuit chip boxes, IC holders, copier and fax machine shells, etc.
ABS and PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) have good compatibility. If the acrylonitrile content of ABS is properly adjusted, the compatibility will be better. The blend has high surface hardness, high rigidity, good appearance, excellent processing performance, ideal scratch resistance and impact resistance. If the rubber particle size of ABS is properly adjusted, transparent materials can also be obtained. However, its heat resistance needs to be improved.
ABS and PA (phosphatidic acid) blending can improve the drug resistance, fluidity, heat resistance and impact resistance of ABS, but the water absorption increases and the elastic modulus decreases. Due to the poor compatibility of the two phases, it is necessary to introduce vinyl monomers containing carboxyl or amide groups into ABS, or add PA/PS graft copolymers and other compatibilizers into the blending system.
ABS and PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) blending can improve ABS's chemical resistance, wear resistance, abrasion resistance, pollution resistance and super weather resistance.
ABS and SBS (styrene-butadiene-styrene ternary block copolymer) blending can improve ABS's fluidity and low temperature resistance. When the SBS dosage is 10%, the brittle point of the blend is -35буC, and other properties change very little. Its injection molded products meet the requirements of ice sports equipment.
ABS resin has the disadvantages of opacity (due to the different refractive indices of the two phases) and poor weather resistance. In particular, the latter makes the resin surface easy to whiten and generate fine cracks, and also reduces various properties of ABS resin. In order to maintain the excellent properties of ABS resin, increase weather resistance, and make it a resin with good comprehensive performance in all aspects, it is usually used to add UV stabilizers, coating, electroplating and other methods, but none of them can fundamentally solve the problem, so the butadiene component with unsaturated bonds must be removed and replaced with acrylic rubber, chlorinated polyethylene, ethylene propylene rubber (EPDM), ethylene-vinyl acetate, etc. These resins are called AXS resins, and X represents the rubber component. Such AXS resins not only improve weather resistance and elasticity, but also increase flame retardancy. The characteristics of various AXS resins are as follows.
AAS resin is a copolymer of acrylonitrile and styrene grafted on acrylic rubber. It is opaque, and adjusting the grafting rate can obtain a resin with high impact strength and good fluidity during molding. Compared with ABS resin, it can be seen that the relative density is slightly larger, the tensile strength is slightly smaller, but the elongation is increased, and the other properties are almost the same as ABS resin. However, its weather resistance is 10 times greater than that of ABS resin. After being exposed outdoors for 9 to 15 months, its impact strength and elongation are almost not reduced, and the color change is also very small. Because AAS resin has good weather resistance and aging resistance, it is suitable for outdoor structural materials with weather resistance requirements and equipment and parts exposed to strong light.
ACS resin is a polymer of acrylonitrile and styrene grafted on oxidized polyethylene. Because this resin has good chlorine content and weather resistance, it is also flame retardant and resistant to electrical pollution, making it an extremely superior engineering plastic. It is usually a polymer with a light yellow translucent, white opaque and shiny appearance. The properties of ACS resin are almost the same as those of ABS resin, but the impact strength is better than that of high-impact ABS resin. The drop weight impact retention rate (outdoor exposure) is about 60% for 2 years, and the elongation retention rate (aging machine) is 50% for 1000h, showing good weather resistance. In actual use, if some stabilizers are added, it can be durable for up to six or seven years.
Ethylene propylene rubber is the backbone polymer and is a graft copolymer of acrylonitrile and styrene. This resin is traded under the name EPSAN and has the same heat resistance, impact resistance and weather resistance as other AXS resins. For example, at 88буC, after 14 hours of storage, the cantilever beam impact strength only decreases by 5%~8%, while the ABS resin decreases by 17%~40%, which is a significant decrease. The drop hammer impact strength retention rate of the same length piece is higher than that of ABS, especially in terms of oxidation resistance and yellowing resistance.
One is not AXS resin, but MBS resin of the same series. MBS resin is a terpolymer of methyl methacrylate (M)-butadiene (B)-styrene (S), a light yellow thermoplastic transparent granular resin. Compared with ABS resin, methyl methacrylate (MMA) is introduced into the terpolymer, which reduces the refractive index of the resin component and approaches the refractive index of the rubber component, making the resin transparent, with a transmittance of 85%~90% and a haze of 6%, so it is also called transparent ABS resin.
General-grade ABS resin has excellent impact resistance, oil resistance, low temperature resistance (-40буC), chemical resistance, mechanical strength and electrical properties, stable processing dimensions and good surface gloss, and has good comprehensive properties such as easy coating and coloring. It is a thermoplastic engineering plastic with extremely wide applications.
High heat-resistant ABS can be obtained by blending with a polymer with a higher glass transition temperature, or by adding a monomer that can increase the rigidity of the polymer main chain and the glass transition temperature during grafting. The heat deformation temperature of the current heat-resistant ABS resin can generally reach 115буC, and the ultra-high heat-resistant ABS resin can be as high as 125буC or above. Ultra-high heat-resistant ABS resin refers to the field of automotive interior and exterior parts, appliance housings, electronic and electrical components, etc., which have entered the practical application stage.
High-impact ABS is made by mixing large-particle (0.3~1ж╠m) and small-particle poly 1-butene (PB) in a certain proportion, grafting with acrylonitrile (AN) and styrene (SI), and then blending with AS resin to obtain ABS resin with high impact strength. The impact resistance, gloss and processability of ABS resin can also be improved by blending latex with small particle size and high grafting rate and latex with large particle size and low grafting rate.
ABS has developed various high-rigidity ABS resins by mixing with different types and contents of glass fibers and using different mixing technologies. The rigidity of ABS reinforced with glass fibers can be increased by 2~3 times, the deflection is increased by 3 times, the creep and fatigue strength are also increased, and the yield strength and elastic modulus are similar to those of metals.
The butadiene rubber component in ABS resin contains double bonds, which is easy to age under the action of light, oxygen, etc. The butadiene rubber in ABS resin is replaced by ethylene-propylene rubber and acrylate rubber. The saturation of these two rubber phases is high and the remaining oxidation points are small. Therefore, the obtained graft copolymers AES and ASA have high weather resistance. Although the weather resistance of AES and ASA polymers is better than that of ABS resin, some stabilizers such as ultraviolet absorbers and hindered amine light stabilizers must be added when used to have long-term stable resistance to outdoor chemical radiation. The main uses of weather-resistant ABS resin include: tents, swimming pool accessories, amusement vehicles, etc.
ABS resin used in office communication equipment, electronic appliances and other fields has strict requirements on flame retardant properties. Flame retardant ABS resin is generally produced by adding halogenated flame retardants. Commonly used halogenated flame retardants include: pentabromodiphenyl aldehyde, octabromobiphenyl, tribromotriphenyl ethane, halogenated triphenyl phosphate, tetrabromobisphenol A, odorized epoxy resin compounds, etc. Another way to improve the flame retardancy and durability of ABS resin is to directly add halogen atoms to the polymer main chain. The addition of the above flame retardants will have some adverse effects on ABS resin, such as frosting, seepage, lower heat deformation temperature, reduced impact resistance and fluidity, etc. The addition of some metal accelerators (such as antimony oxide) can greatly reduce the amount of halogen-containing flame retardants.
The reason why ordinary ABS resin is not transparent is that the refractive index of the rubber component and the resin component used is different, and the light is refracted and scattered when passing through the rubber particles that are larger than the wavelength of light. In order to make the ABS resin product transparent, a rubber phase with a smaller particle size must be used, and the refractive index of the rubber phase and the resin phase should be similar. Transparent ABS resin can be produced by grafting styrene, acrylonitrile and methyl methacrylate onto a styrene-butadiene rubber (SIBR) base material. The refractive index of the rubber dispersed phase used here must be very close to the refractive index of the continuous phase. Another method of producing transparent ABS resin is to graft methyl methacrylate-styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer with polybutadiene. The refractive index of the two must be the same, and the particle size of the polybutadiene rubber used must be so small that it cannot reflect visible light.
ABS resin has good comprehensive properties and its products have a wide range of applications. For example, it is used in machinery, electrical, textile, automobile manufacturing, aircraft manufacturing, shipbuilding industry, as well as in agricultural machinery, daily necessities, children's toys, etc. It can replace industrial materials such as metal and wood to reduce costs, enhance performance, reduce weight and play a good decorative role.
ABS resin has good electrical insulation properties and can meet general use requirements in the electrical industry. It can be used as an application material for telecommunications equipment and electric machines. Telephone cases, earpieces, mouthpieces, fingerhole plates, handheld microphones, handles, handle pads, etc. made of ABS resin have been proven to have good performance, strong texture, beautiful and durable. ABS resin is resistant to corrosion by refrigerants, and is non-toxic, odorless, and resistant to low temperatures, so it is very suitable for making many parts and products for freezers, frozen cars, refrigerators, and cold storages. In addition, ABS resin is also suitable for making dust collectors, washing machines, electric fans, hair dryers for haircuts, and other electric mixers, dryers, and shells and parts.
ABS resin has good dimensional stability, mechanical strength and chemical properties. It can be used to make parts with complex shapes alone, or it can be made into composite components with other types of plastic and metals to replace metal materials. For example, there are steering wheels, instrument panels, fan blades, fenders, handles and armrests. In developed countries, the average amount of plastic used in each car is about 200kg, accounting for about 20% of the vehicle's own weight. Among automotive plastic, ABS resin accounts for about 10% of the total amount of plastic used.
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