Experts interviewed (in no particular order)

Xiong Lili, researcher at the National Institute of International Development and Reform, University of International Business and Economics, and professor at the School of International Relations

Chu Jianguo, dean and professor at the School of Public Administration and Humanities, Dalian Maritime University

Hu Bo, director of the Center for Marine Strategy Research, Peking University, and researcher at the School of International Relations

Wang Mingye, professor at the School of Marxism, China University of Petroleum (Beijing)

Zhao Bin, professor and doctoral supervisor at the Center for International Studies, School of Marxism, Xi'an Jiaotong University

Qu Jinliang, doctoral supervisor at Ocean University of China and professor of outstanding talent position at Jimei University

People's Forum: The ocean is the blue homeland on which mankind depends for survival. What new challenges does the global marine ecological security face at present?

Xiong Lili, researcher at the National Institute of International Development and Reform, University of International Business and Economics, and professor at the School of International Relations: The current global marine ecological security faces two major challenges: marine environmental pollution and over-exploitation of marine resources. As the intensity of human economic activities continues to increase, a large amount of pollutants that are not properly treated are directly discharged into the ocean every year. In addition to the continuous discharge of pollutants caused by daily human activities, accidental discharge of pollutants will also cause a more severe impact on marine ecological security in a short period of time. In 2010, the Deepwater Horizon drilling platform in the Gulf of Mexico had a blowout accident, leaking about 3.2 million barrels of crude oil in three months, and the surrounding sea ecology was severely damaged. Compared with daily activities and accidents, what is more worrying is the deliberate discharge of pollutants for personal gain. This time, Japan has insisted on launching the discharge of nuclear contaminated water from the Fukushima nuclear power plant into the sea. It will take at least 30 years to complete the discharge of existing nuclear contaminated water into the sea. The global marine ecology faces an unprecedented risk of environmental pollution. In addition to marine environmental pollution, human overexploitation of marine resources will also seriously threaten marine ecological security. With population growth and economic and social development, the growth rate of human society's demand for marine resources has far exceeded the supply rate of marine resources. In order to make up for the huge gap between supply and demand of marine resources, humans have continuously increased the development of marine resources, which has caused a huge negative impact on marine ecological security. On the one hand, the overexploitation of marine mineral resources will seriously interfere with the reproduction and survival of marine organisms and may cause geological disasters such as submarine landslides and earthquakes. On the other hand, overexploitation of marine biological resources will also cause a large number of marine biological populations to face the crisis of decline or even extinction.

Chu Jianguo, Dean and Professor of the School of Public Administration and Humanities and Arts of Dalian Maritime University: The ocean has been an important carrier of human life since ancient times. As human survival on land faces an increasingly serious crisis, humans continue to explore the space for marine survival, bringing more and more challenges to the marine ecology. The impact of rising global temperatures on marine ecology is becoming increasingly significant. The rate of sea level rise has accelerated in the past 20 years, which directly threatens the survival of marine island countries and coastal cities. In 2001, the government of Tuvalu, an island country in the southern central Pacific, announced that "efforts to combat sea level rise have failed" and that the residents of Tuvalu will withdraw from the archipelago. Rising ocean temperatures also affect biodiversity and even pose a risk of extinction to some marine life. In addition, human nuclear emissions pose a new and unpredictable threat to marine ecological security. In addition to the nuclear contaminated water discharged from existing nuclear power plants, nuclear emissions caused by accidents may pose a fatal challenge to marine ecology. In addition to the discharge of nuclear contaminated water overseas by Japan, the accident of a US nuclear submarine in the relevant waters not long ago also made people in various countries increasingly concerned and worried about the possible harm caused by nuclear equipment and nuclear facilities operating at sea. Marine nuclear pollution is more deadly than other pollution. It will affect the development of marine industry at the least and the future development of human society at the worst. Wang Mingye, professor of the School of Marxism at China University of Petroleum (Beijing): Marine ecological security is a barrier to terrestrial ecological security. Without marine ecological security, there can be no terrestrial ecological security. At present, the threats facing global marine ecological security are mainly: on the one hand, in the process of production and life, human beings often unconsciously separate the relationship between marine ecological security and terrestrial ecological security. People are strongly aware of the importance of protecting forests, grasslands, rivers, lakes and other terrestrial ecosystems that are directly related to their own survival and safety, but there is a lack of universal cognition of the relationship between marine ecosystems and human life. The ocean is regarded as a convenient and cheap site for the discharge of harmful substances. A large amount of organic waste liquid and domestic sewage are either discharged into the sea by humans or brought into the ocean by runoff. In modern times, the biggest threat to marine ecological security comes from large-scale industrial activities of human beings, such as marine oil leakage, nuclear explosion, nuclear pollution, metal waste discharge, etc. On the other hand, another important challenge facing global marine ecological security is that human beings need to strengthen their understanding of the ocean in both breadth and depth. Since the Age of Discovery, the ocean has become the main channel for communication between different regions of the world, and the "oceanization of land affairs" has become a prominent feature of modern and contemporary world history. At the same time, the marine economy has also occupied an increasingly important position in the national economy of various countries. However, while people's desire to use the ocean and technology are constantly improving, marine science, that is, people's understanding of the ocean itself, is relatively lagging behind. There is little scientific and complete knowledge system for issues such as the birth of the ocean, the laws of marine activities, the status of marine ecology, the relationship between the ocean and climate, marine warming, and the mechanism of various marine phenomena. As a result, countries have different policies on climate change. It is not difficult to see that global marine ecological security is related to human survival, which prompts countries to adopt common response measures and strengthen global cooperative research in related fields.

Zhao Bin, professor and doctoral supervisor at the Center for International Studies, School of Marxism, Xi'an Jiaotong University: As humans further develop and utilize the ocean, global marine ecological security is also facing many new challenges: First, the impact of climate change on marine ecosystems cannot be ignored. Changes in biological habitats caused by rising global temperatures and the intensification of ocean acidification induced by the burning of fossil fuels are destroying marine ecosystems, leading to biodiversity loss and ecological imbalance. Secondly, marine pollution is becoming increasingly serious. Pollutants produced by plastic pollution, oil spills, and wastewater discharges pose a huge threat to marine life and ecosystems. This not only involves technical issues on how to govern, but also falls into a collective action dilemma due to the shirking of responsibility and political calculations of some countries, and the existing international mechanisms are difficult to meet the increasingly severe global marine commons governance needs. Thirdly, overfishing and illegal fishing have led to the depletion of marine resources and the reduction of biodiversity. Finally, the disorderly exploitation of marine minerals and the overexploitation of marine energy will also destroy coral reefs and marine habitats, leading to the degradation of marine ecosystems. These new challenges pose a serious threat to global marine ecological security.

Qu Jinliang, PhD Supervisor at Ocean University of China and Professor of Distinguished Talents at Jimei University: The challenges facing global marine ecological security mainly include three aspects: First, the political-military disputes and hegemony under the global competition for marine rights and interests are universal, continuous, intense and even vicious. Although the competition for marine hegemony is mainly carried out by a few Western marine hegemons, they often win over some small and medium-sized marine countries and regions to form alliances, engage in maritime military competitions, military exercises, and military threats, and use maritime military forces to run rampant in the seas, infringing on the interests of other marine countries and regions, and even their sovereign security, which often leads to confrontation and resistance from the victimized countries and regions, and even to continuous maritime wars. Second, the competition for marine resources and the destruction of marine ecology under the global marine economic competition. The main areas of competition for marine resources are the high seas and sea areas where international disputes exist. In the high seas, because it is "unowned land", it is easy for some countries to seize and compete for marine resources. The seizure and competition of marine resources in international disputed sea areas is often mutually causal with marine delimitation and marine rights disputes, which leads to the intensification of competition and disputes, and even political confrontation and military conflict. The third is the universal island, coastal zone, and inland marine environmental pollution and marine ecological damage caused by the global modern development model. The global modern development model has been dominated by Western capitalist developed countries since modern times. It is characterized by anti-ecology. The resource-energy consumption and product toxicity and garbage of its production are discharged into the sea through the atmosphere, rainwater, rivers, and even directly into the sea, becoming the main source of marine pollution. This is the most common threat and challenge facing global marine ecological security that is easily overlooked and despised, but is the most daily, largest and most extensive.

People's Forum: What are the current dilemmas in global ocean governance? What are the root causes?

Zhao Bin, professor and doctoral supervisor at the Center for International Studies, School of Marxism, Xi'an Jiaotong University: The current dilemmas in global ocean governance are complex and intertwined. First, the international cooperation mechanism for ocean governance is not perfect. Although there are many international ocean laws and conventions such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the implementation of these laws and conventions is not smooth. On the one hand, the complex and diverse marine environment, coupled with the differences in national laws in different countries, leads to differences and complexity in the application of international ocean laws and conventions; on the other hand, the international community lacks information and technology sharing on cross-regional ocean governance issues such as pollution monitoring, fisheries, and energy. Second, there are differences in interests and competition between different countries, regions, and interest groups on specific issues such as marine boundaries, fishery resource allocation, and seabed mineral development, making ocean governance complex and difficult. Third, the supervision and law enforcement capabilities of global ocean governance are weak. Some developing countries lack sufficient human, material and financial resources to realize marine monitoring and patrols, and are limited by technical protection, commercial confidentiality and other factors. It is difficult to obtain support from the international community and effectively combat illegal marine activities such as illegal fishing. The root cause of the global ocean governance dilemma lies in: under the existing ocean governance rules system and ocean order, the international community (especially sovereign states) has a power game around the distribution of ocean interests.

Xiong Lili, researcher at the National Institute of International Development and Reform and professor at the School of International Relations at the University of International Business and Economics: The campization and group politics of international relations have an impact on ocean governance. In recent years, some countries have engaged in campization and group politics in the practice of international relations. In global ocean governance, these countries decide their positions and policies not based on the right and wrong of the matter itself, but based on the closeness of the relationship between countries. After Japan started the discharge of nuclear contaminated water from the Fukushima nuclear power plant into the sea, some Western countries led by the United States not only did not stop it, but expressed support in various ways, placing narrow political interests above the public interest of global ocean governance. The dilemmas of ocean governance in the traditional security field and the non-traditional security field are intertwined. In the traditional security field, disputes among countries over the demarcation of territorial waters and exclusive economic zones seriously hinder the smooth progress of international cooperation in global ocean governance. Moreover, the mutual distrust and even confrontation between countries in the traditional security field is likely to spread to the non-traditional security field, increasing the difficulty of solving ocean governance issues such as pollution prevention and anti-piracy. The dilemma of ocean governance in the field of non-traditional security will in turn have a negative impact on traditional security relations between countries, making global ocean governance more complicated. The root cause of the above dilemma of global ocean governance lies in the inherent tension between the public resource attributes of the ocean and the diversified interests of the sovereign state system. Faced with the public resource attributes of the ocean and the lack of supranational public authority, many sovereign states act independently in ocean governance and even harm their neighbors, tending to put their own private interests above international public welfare. In global ocean governance, it is difficult for the international community to form a joint force to jointly respond to challenges.

Hu Bo, Director of the Center for Ocean Strategy Research and Researcher of the School of International Relations at Peking University: The root cause of the dilemma of global ocean governance is, on the one hand, the dilemma of "collective action" and the "tragedy of the commons", that is, actively enjoying the rights and interests of the commons while passively assuming responsibilities and obligations. Global ocean governance requires the concerted efforts of the whole world, and this will inevitably lead to the problem of shirking responsibility-some countries want to pay as little as possible while extracting marine resources and using marine space. At present, the biggest problem facing global ocean governance is the serious mismatch between the supply and demand of public products. In recent years, global ocean problems have intensified, and the demand for governance has increased. However, the relevant supply has not kept up, but has decreased. Constrained by historical and realistic factors, small and medium-sized ocean countries often bear the brunt of these problems (such as rising sea levels for Pacific island countries), but lack the corresponding means and resources to deal with them. Traditional maritime powers have the corresponding strength, but these problems are not so imminent for them. On the other hand, great power competition has increased the difficulty of global ocean governance. Entering the second decade of the 21st century, the United States has made a significant strategic shift to "returning to sea control" and great power competition in the face of the development of maritime power in other countries, which has worsened the international environment for global ocean governance and made coordination and cooperation among major powers more difficult. In addition, as the resources of major ocean countries are increasingly focused on great power competition, the supply of public goods for global ocean security governance will inevitably decrease.

Chu Jianguo, Dean and Professor of the School of Public Administration and Humanities and Arts of Dalian Maritime University: The risks and threats facing the marine ecology are increasing, and their harmfulness, complexity, unpredictability and uncontrollability are becoming stronger and stronger. First, compared with terrestrial ecology, human beings lack awareness of the crisis of marine ecology. People who have lived in inland areas for a long time have a vague understanding of the ocean and overestimate the self-repairing ability of the ocean. Second, ecological colonialism has a negative impact on marine ecology. The garbage produced by developed capitalist countries each year accounts for the majority of the total global garbage. They transfer pollution to developing countries by transferring low-end industries, and a large part of these garbage has become marine pollutants. Third, marine hegemonism has brought serious obstacles to global ocean governance. Hegemonic countries have built small courtyards and high walls in the ocean field, holding the guise of global governance, serving their own selfish interests, and ignoring the marine interests of all mankind. This time, the United States supports Japan's discharge of nuclear contaminated water. It is a typical example. Fourth, the systematic and complex nature of marine ecological governance brings difficulties to global governance, and the development speed of its governance tools is not satisfactory, and the investment and level of governance are not high.

Qu Jinliang, doctoral supervisor of Ocean University of China and professor of outstanding talents at Jimei University: The main dilemma of global ocean governance at present presents two paradoxical characteristics: one is the comprehensiveness of governance tasks and the fragmentation of governance actions. The fragmentation of governance actions comes from the fragmentation of governance mechanisms and rules. Even within the "most authoritative" United Nations system, there are organizations such as UNESCO, the United Nations Environment Program, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and its subsidiary Fisheries Committee, the World Meteorological Organization and its Marine Meteorology and Oceanography Program. They have all launched their own ocean governance plans and related projects, but most of them are independent, overlapping and contradictory. In addition to these "global" governance actions, there are more regional ones, and most of these "governances" are left unfinished because they are difficult to treat. The second is the game between governance concepts and goals and development concepts and goals. Development concepts and goals are competitive and profitable, while governance concepts are ecological. This paradox has not been resolved, and its powerlessness, inefficiency and even ineffectiveness of governance are highlighted.

People's Forum: What roads do we have to take to build a community with a shared future for the ocean?

Xiong Lili, researcher at the National Institute of International Openness, University of International Business and Economics, and professor at the School of International Relations: First, countries, especially major powers, need to abandon the "Cold War" mentality of camp confrontation and group politics, and popularize and strengthen the concept of a community with a shared future for the ocean in the international community. Countries need to reach a consensus and fully realize that the ocean is not an arena for pursuing national interests, but the common home of all mankind; fully realize that the protection of the marine environment is not just the protection of one country's private interests, but the protection of the common interests of all mankind; fully realize that marine resources are the common wealth of all mankind, and the protection of marine resources is not just the protection of one country's private property, but the protection of the common wealth of all mankind. Second, improve the legislation of the global ocean governance system and give international organizations such as the United Nations greater supranational law enforcement power. While continuously improving legislation, the law enforcement status of international organizations such as the United Nations needs to be further strengthened to promote the gradual realization of global ocean governance with laws to follow and strong law enforcement. Third, open up a coordinated pattern of global ocean governance, coordinate the solution of traditional security issues and non-traditional security issues, and achieve a benign interaction between the two. Fourth, we should earnestly promote international cooperation around the marine economy and marine science and technology, so that more and more countries can benefit from the development of the marine economy and the progress of marine science and technology. Through international cooperation, we can consolidate the material foundation of the marine community with a shared future and ensure the sustainable development of the marine community with a shared future.

Hu Bo, Director of the Center for Marine Strategy Research and Researcher of the School of International Relations of Peking University: First, as long as sovereign states exist, the geopolitical power competition and maritime rights disputes between countries will not disappear. However, with the improvement of international norms and the changes in science and technology, the power paradigm of global marine hegemony is being replaced by a multipolar model. The era when one country can decide important global marine affairs is gone forever. Human society needs to jointly explore a new path for peaceful coexistence. Secondly, in today's world, sovereign states and international organizations are the two most important types of international actors. The two complement each other and are important prerequisites for global governance. However, some international organizations or mechanisms are constantly expanding their power in order to demonstrate their influence. Taking marine governance as an example, the "power expansion" trend of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea and compulsory arbitration mechanisms based on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea is obvious, which is not only not conducive to easing differences between countries, but also stimulates the fermentation of marine disputes. The most direct and effective way to control and resolve maritime disputes is through negotiation and consultation among the relevant parties. International organizations can play the role of arbitration or adjudication, but they need to obtain the consent of the relevant parties. In an international community dominated by sovereign states, the power of international organizations comes from the transfer of sovereign states. If international organizations blindly expand their power boundaries, they will shake the entire system of ocean governance, thereby affecting the construction of a community with a shared future for the ocean. Finally, different countries will have different ocean development paths based on their different civilizational heritage, innate endowments and strategic cultures. The "rules-based international order" must be based on international law and rules that have broad consensus in the international community, rather than just following the rules of a certain country. To build a community with a shared future for the ocean, we must be inclusive and learn from each other, and embark on a path of harmonious coexistence and symbiosis.

Wang Mingye, professor of the School of Marxism at China University of Petroleum (Beijing): The community with a shared future for the ocean and the community with a shared future for mankind are two sides of the same coin. When the ocean prospers, mankind prospers, and when the ocean is in danger, mankind is in danger. Based on the above concepts, we need to fully realize that the destiny of mankind is indivisible. Without a community with a shared future for mankind, there will be no community with a shared future for the ocean. The United Nations is a global multilateral organization established after the Second World War and is the crystallization of human wisdom in exploring global governance. However, with the rise of the global South, some Western countries, led by the United States, have failed in their attempts to dominate the UN agenda, and have turned to seek to establish a small circle of Western countries to dominate international affairs, which will undoubtedly cause a major setback in international governance. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the role of the United Nations in global ocean governance, as well as the role of many island countries represented by the Pacific island countries in global ocean governance, and form a governance mechanism that is conducive to the voice of these countries.

Zhao Bin, professor and doctoral supervisor at the Center for International Studies, School of Marxism, Xi'an Jiaotong University: First, maintain and improve the marine ecological environment. Deepen scientific research, improve scientific understanding of marine ecosystems, and embark on a more environmentally friendly and sustainable path of marine development; advocate that all countries attach great importance to the construction of marine ecological civilization and establish the concept of "harmony between man and sea"; strengthen the prevention and control of marine environmental pollution, protect marine biodiversity, and realize the orderly development and utilization of marine resources; countries jointly respond to marine ecological security issues, strengthen the implementation of international maritime laws and conventions, and establish effective supervision and law enforcement mechanisms. Second, develop a high-quality marine economy. Build platforms such as the Marine Economic Expo for open cooperation, win-win and shared benefits to help people around the world share the fruits of marine economic development; fully tap the development potential of projects such as the "China-ASEAN Maritime Cooperation Fund", promote the construction of the "21st Century Maritime Silk Road", and expand practical cooperation in various fields with countries along the route; deepen technological innovation and communication, improve the world's overall marine resource development capabilities, cultivate and expand strategic emerging marine industries, promote the effective connection between new concepts, new technologies, and new achievements in the field of marine fisheries and corporate needs, further promote the expansion and extension of achievements and deepen transformation, and promote direct dialogue between global capital and marine projects. The third is to create a high-quality "blue partnership". Deepen practical naval cooperation, strengthen maritime dialogue and exchanges, and pursue a mutually beneficial and win-win path to maritime security; advance the construction of an Asian maritime cooperation mechanism, and promote cooperation in various fields such as marine economy, environmental protection, disaster management, and fisheries; accelerate the formulation of marine connectivity plans with various countries, promote the comprehensive integration of infrastructure, policy regulations, and personnel exchanges, jointly safeguard freedom of navigation and channel security at sea, and build a peaceful, tranquil, cooperative and win-win maritime order; rely on international exchange platforms such as the Annual Meeting of the East Asian Coastal Sustainable Development Local Governments Network and the International Ocean Forum, share experiences and resources through "South-South Cooperation", and jointly respond to challenges in marine governance.

Qu Jinliang, doctoral supervisor at Ocean University of China and professor of outstanding talent at Jimei University: First, explain to the world the specific connotation of building a community with a shared future for the ocean and form a basic global consensus: through the co-construction and sharing of the global ocean politics, ocean security, ocean economy, ocean culture, and ocean ecological community, make the global ocean a "sea of peace and friendship", "a sea of win-win cooperation", "a sea of mutual learning among civilizations", "a sea of security and stability", and "a sea of ecological beauty"; second, formulate and issue specific institutional and implementation framework initiatives for building a community with a shared future for the ocean, reach an agreement through consultation, and form basic global guidelines; third, grant the United Nations and its relevant organizations the legal power and management function to make decisions on issues related to building a community with a shared future for mankind and a community with a shared future for the ocean through conferences, establish a special leadership body under this framework, and organize and implement it in a unified manner; fourth, give full play to the backbone role of countries and regions along the "21st Century Maritime Silk Road" of the "Belt and Road". Over the past 10 years, the Belt and Road cooperation has extended from the Eurasian continent to Africa and Latin America. More than 150 countries and more than 30 international organizations have signed cooperation documents on the Belt and Road, and more than 20 multilateral cooperation platforms in professional fields have been established. Among them, the countries along the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road are the main members of the construction of a community with a shared future for the ocean. They have the foundation and experience of co-building cooperation on the ocean, and can be partially tried out first and gradually expanded.

People's Forum: The maritime security order still bears the imprint of power. How to promote the development of the international maritime order in a more just and reasonable direction?

Xiong Lili, researcher at the National Institute of International Openness, University of International Business and Economics, and professor at the School of International Relations: First, advocate a new security concept of common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable security. All countries enjoy equal and interdependent security rights in the international maritime order. Common security means respecting and safeguarding the security of all countries in the international maritime order; comprehensive security means coordinating and resolving a number o

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