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With China Plastic Machinery
With China Plastic Machinery
Chemical synthetic materials, also known as artificial materials and synthetic materials, are materials artificially processed by chemical methods or polymerization of different substances. Their characteristics are different from those of raw materials, such as plastic and glass.
Plastic, synthetic fibers and synthetic rubber are known as the three major organic synthesis technologies in the 20th century. Its emergence has greatly improved the living standards of the people, and its importance to the national economy and people's livelihood is self-evident.
The first person to discover the existence of plastic was Bayer, a German chemist in the late 19th century. He combined phenol with formaldehyde to obtain a resin-like substance. Unfortunately, he didn't know what it could be used for.
In 1907, American industrial chemist Baekeland once again studied the reaction of phenol and formaldehyde, and added an appropriate amount of filler. It was found that the product was tough and had good insulation properties. Therefore, in 1910, the first plastic products factory in history with an annual output of 1,000 tons was built. By 1939, the product had developed to more than 200,000 tons. Although vinyl chloride was discovered in 1912, it was not until 1932 that it became a plastic, produced by the British company Brunemont. In 1947, American chemists Gerelius and Koning synthesized polystyrene. In the 1950s, German chemist Ziegler and Italian chemist Nape invented new catalytic polymerization agents, which pushed the plastic manufacturing industry to its peak. Since then, high-performance plastic varieties have emerged like mushrooms after rain, and the common ones are polypropylene, ABS, polysulfone, and polycarbonate, which are no less than hundreds. The annual output in the world has exceeded 60 million tons, which is equal to the total output of wood and cement.
As for synthetic fibers, they were first developed on the basis of transforming natural fibers.
In 1855, German chemist Andima first used concentrated nitric acid to treat mulberry branches to obtain a fiber, but it was easy to explode and could not be used. In 1884, British chemist Swain used nitric acid and fiber to synthesize "safe rayon", which was exhibited at the Paris Exposition in 1889 and caused a sensation.
In 1935, American chemist Caroze first synthesized nylon-66 with hexanediol and adipic acid, launching the world's first artificially synthesized fiber. In 1937, the German Institute of Organic Research synthesized nylon-6.
In 1939, Japanese chemist Ichiro Takata synthesized nylon fiber that was resistant to water and heat. In 1940, British chemist Dixon synthesized polyester fiber, which was put into production that year, with an output of 50,000 tons. Today, the output of synthetic fibers is increasing day by day, and the annual output worldwide has reached 15 million tons, exceeding the output of natural fibers.
Synthetic rubber also started by imitating and transforming natural rubber.
In 1838, American worker Goode used turpentine, sulfur and calcium carbonate to heat raw rubber at high temperature to obtain rubber with excellent performance. Since then, rubber has become famous and is widely used as tires, insulation wires, etc. Due to the rapid development of the automobile and aircraft industries, the output of natural rubber is limited and cannot meet the growing demand. Especially during the First World War, Germany was blockaded by the British Navy and could not get rubber from Southeast Asia and South America. It urgently needed substitutes to solve the urgent problem. Therefore, synthetic rubber came into being. At that time, German chemists first used acetylene and acetone to synthesize 2,350 tons of 2,3-dimethylbutadiene rubber to solve the urgent needs of the war. In the 1930s after the war, scientists synthesized styrene-butadiene rubber and nitrile rubber. Although the cost was higher than natural rubber, the quality was basically close to natural rubber. In 1932, American chemist Newland first used acetylene to chlorinate and polymerize to obtain a-chloro-1,3-butadiene monomer, and then polymerized it into chloroprene rubber. It has the advantages of oxygen resistance, shock resistance, and heat resistance, and its performance has surpassed that of natural rubber. Since the 1950s, the output of synthetic rubber has exceeded that of natural rubber by 2 times, with an annual output of 6 million tons.
After entering the 21st century, China's synthetic materials industry has accelerated its development and achieved amazing results.
In 2005, China's synthetic materials industry enterprises achieved a total industrial output value of 332,040,068 thousand yuan, a year-on-year increase of 26%; achieved a total product sales income of 335,085,415 thousand yuan, a year-on-year increase of 27.07%; and achieved a total profit of 17,817,592 thousand yuan.
In 2006, the total industrial output value of China's synthetic materials industry enterprises reached 335,263,987 thousand yuan, a year-on-year increase of 24.33%; the total product sales revenue reached 333,852,575 thousand yuan, a year-on-year increase of 23.95%; and the total profit reached 5,313,594 thousand yuan.
In January-February 2007, the total industrial output value of China's synthetic materials industry enterprises reached 62,535,246 thousand yuan, a year-on-year increase of 35.99%; the total product sales revenue reached 58,045,168 thousand yuan, a year-on-year increase of 35.56%; and the total profit reached 1,840,789 thousand yuan.
While China's synthetic materials industry is developing, some problems are also increasingly exposed. In particular, the weak innovation ability of enterprises, the unreasonable industrial structure, the prominent resource shortage and environmental pressure, the blind investment of some industries, the overcapacity, the sharp decline in operating efficiency and other factors have seriously restricted the further development of the industry and the improvement of quality.
Therefore, Chinese synthetic materials industry enterprises must seize the new development situation, increase scientific and technological innovation, implement a scientific development concept, learn from foreign advanced experience, strengthen independent research and development capabilities, and take the path of intensive scale operation. This is also the inevitable choice for the future development of the industry.
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